UC-NRLF 


i 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

PRESENTED  BY 
PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 


MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


OXFORD    ATLAS 

OF 

ANCIENT    GEOGRAPHY, 

DEDICATED  WITH  PERMISSION  TO  THE 

REV.  DR.  RUSSELL, 

HEAD  MASTER  OF  THE  CHARTER  HOUSE   SCHOOL,   LONDON. 


TT  HEN  it  is  considered  that  there  are  numerous  Atlasses  of 
Ancient  Geography  already  in  circulation,  it  may  not  unrea- 
sonably be  inquired,  wherein  consists  the  necessity  of  publishing 
another?   To  this  question  the  Publisher  deems  it  expedient  to 
reply;  and  in  doing  so,  without  entering  at  length  into  the  errors 
and  imperfections  of  works  of  this  description  already  before  the 
public,  he  would  remark,  that  it  has  been  suggested  to  him  that 
they  are  inadequate  on  many  accounts  for  the  purposes  for  which 
they  are  designed.     Those  Maps  in  particular  which  ought  to  be 
illustrative  of  the  earlier  writers  of  Greece  and  Rome,  abound 
with  numerous  errors  and  omissions;  and  frequently  the  position 
of  places  is  entirely  at  variance  with  the  description  given  by 
those  writers.     In  those  systems  of  Ancient  Geography  which 
are  most  approved  and  are  most  exempt  from  error,  the  size  of 
the   Maps  is  so  large,   that  they  are   not  only  unportable,   but 
exceedingly  inconvenient  for  frequent  reference.     It  is  true  that 
some  of  a  smaller  scale  have  within  these  few  years  been  pub- 
lished, but  they  evidently  bear  marks  of  having  been  copied  from 
older  works,  with  very  few  corrections  and  scarcely  any  addi- 
tions.    From  these  considerations  it  is  presumed,  that  an  Atlas 
free  from  these  inconveniences  and  imperfections  would  be  a  de- 
sirable acquisition  to  the  library  of  Students  in  the  Universities, 
as  well  as  Classical  Scholars  in  general.     The  materials  of  the 
work   will   be   derived   from   the   most   esteemed   Geographical 
systems,  under  the  superintendence  of  a  Graduate  Member  of  the 
University,  who,  before  the  Maps  are  presented  to  the  public, 


will  diligently  compare  them  with  the  Greek  and  Roman  Histo- 
rians they  are  intended  to  illustrate.  Maps  and  Plans  illustrative 
of  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  Livy,  &c.  &c.  will  also  be  given,  to 
which  will  be  added  Chronological  Tables. 

As  the  utility  of  the  work  must  depend  on  its  accuracy,  the 
Publisher  assures  the  Subscribers  that  no  expence  or  industry 
shall  be  wanting  to  render  it  worthy  the  high  patronage  already 
received. 

The  Atlas  will  contain  upwards  of  Sixty  Quarto  Plates,  from 
Drawings  made  expressly  for  the  work.  The  price  to  the  Sub- 
scribers will  not  exceed  Two  Guineas :  Non-Subscribers  Three 
Guineas. 

SUBSCRIBERS. 

Charter  House.  Christ'*  Hospital. 

Rev.  Dr.  Russell  Rev.  Dr.  Trollope 
Rev.  R.  Watkinson 
Rev.  W.  H.  Chapman  Merchant  Taylors. 

Rev.  Mr.  Bellamy 

Eton.  Rev.  J.  B.  Deane 

Rev.  Dr.  Keate  Rev.  W.  Blunt 
Rev.  Mr.  Carter 

Rev.  Mr.  Yonge  Greenwich. 

Rev.  Mr.  Hawtrey  R       D     BurRev 
Rev.  Mr.  Chapman,  2  copies 

Rev.  Mr.  Coleridge,  2  copies  Richmond. 

Rev.  Mr.  Dupuis  _  _    _, 

Rev.  Mr.  Green  £ev.  JJ^Tate 

Rev.  Mr.  Jenkins  Rev-  Mr'  L°ckwood 

Rev.  Mr.  Moultrey 

Manchester. 

Harrow.  Rev.  Dr.  Smith 

Rev.  Dr.  Butler 

Rev.  Mr.  Edwards  Norwich. 

Rev.  Mr.  Mills  Rev.  E.  Valpy 

Rev.  Mr.  Oxnam 

Rev.  Mr.  Phelps  Reading. 

Rev.  Mr.  Streatfield  Rev.  Dr.  Valpy 

Rugby.  Dulwich  College  Library 

Rey.  Dr.  Bloxham 
Mr.  Stanley  Bromley  College. 

Rev.  Dr.  Scott 
Westminster. 
Rev.  G.  Preston  Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey. 

Rev.  C.  W.  Stocker 
St.  Paul's. 

St.  Paul's  School  Library  Ilminster. 

Rev.  Dr.  Sieath  Rev.  the  Head  Master 


Ottery  St.  Mary. 
Rev.  S.  Cornish 

Aynho. 
Rev.  Mr.  Leonard 

Bronmgrove. 
Rev.  I.  Topham 

Dedham. 
Rev.  Dr.  Taylor 

Henley. 
Rev.  Dr.  Bussell 

'  North  Walsham. 
Rev.  Mr.  Rees 

Oxford. 

Lord  Holmesdale,  Ch.  Ch. 
Rev.  Mr.  Rogers,  Wadham 
Rev.  T.  V.  Bayne,  Jesus 
Rev.  Mr.  Hotham,  University 
Rev.  W.  Stone,  Brasenose 
Rev.  J.  Lingard,  St.  Mary  Hall 
Peter  Hansell,  Esq.  University 
Hugh  Matthie,  Esq.  Pembroke 
J.  Worsley,  Esq.  Brasenose 
J.  E.  P.  Robertson,  Esq.  Exeter 
W.  Gilks,  Esq.  Pembroke 
A.  Skey,  Esq.  Exeter 
W.  Austen,  Esq.  Exeter 
G.  Forrester,  Esq.  Brasenose 
H.  Barton,  Esq.  Brasenose 
H.  Kuper,  Esq.  Merton 
C.  Crofts,  Esq.  Magd.  Hall 
C.  Childers,  Esq.  Ch.  Ch. 


J.  Maude,  Esq.  Queen's 
W.  J.  Chesshyre,  Esq.  Balliol 
W.  Platt,  Esq.  Brasenose 
W.  H.  Fellowes,  Esq.  Ch.Ch. 
T.  Denne,  Esq.  Ch.  Ch. 
H.  D.  Wickham,  Esq.  Exeter 
H.  Gwyn,  Esq.  Trinity 
J.  A.  Giles,  Esq.  Corpus 
W.  D.  Bernard,  Esq.  Wadham 
J.  H.  Harding,  Esq.  Exeter 
H.  Merivale,  Esq.  Trinity 
H.  Crommelin,  Esq.  Exeter. 
C.  Bowles,  Esq.  Exeter 
W.  Stocker,  Esq.  St.  John's 
W.  Cayley,  Esq.  Ch.  Ch. 
T.  Whipham,  Esq.  Trinity 
G.  Goodwin,  Esq.  Queen's 
W.  Bowyer,  Esq.  Brasenose 
J.  W.  Waiter,  Esq.  Ch.Ch. 
Rev.  P.  Robinson,  Lincoln 
J.  Evans,  Esq.  Worcester 
C.  P.  Loft,  Esq.  Exeter 
C.  Jackson,  Esq.  Lincoln 
J.  Bazely,  Esq.  Queen's 
W.  Bridge,  Esq.  Ch.  Ch. 
J.  R.  Bloxara,  Esq.  Ch.Clu 
J.  Pack,  Esq.  Ch.Ch. 
B.Botfield,  Esq.  Ch.Ch. 
G.  Madan,  Esq.  Ch.  Ch. 
P.  Agar,  Esq.  Trinity 
T.  Staniforth,  Esq.  Ch.  Ch. 
S.  Edwards,  Esq.  Trinity 

Rev.  Mr.  Gutch,  Seagrave 

J.  Gutch,  Esq.  Bristol 

W.  Ormsby,  Esq.  Clieltenham 

Mr.  Gardner,  London 

Rev.  J.  Hambleton,  Wallingfoi-d 

Colonel  Handcock,  Hereford 


LIST  OF  THE  MAPS  AND  PLANS. 


World. 
Britain. 
Roman  Empire  during  the 

Punic  War. 
Roman     Empire    during    the 

time  of  Augustus. 
Spain. 
Gaul. 
^Germany. 
^Cisalpine  Gaul. 
*Central  Italy. 
*Italy  and  Sicily. 
Sicily. 
Greece  and  its  Colonies. 


Macedonia. 

*Thrace. 

*Northern  -Greece. 

*Central  Greece. 

*Peloponnesus. 

*Coast    of  Asia   Minor   and 

Islands  in  JEgean  Sea. 
*Asia  Minor. 
Countries  between  Sardis  and 

Susa. 
Asia. 
*  Africa. 
Palestine, 
Egypt. 


Those  marked  thus  *  will  be  double  the  size  of  the  other  Maps. 


To  illustrate  Herodotus. 
The  World. 
Egypt. 
Delta. 
Scythia. 

Samos  and  Mycale. 
Libya. 
Asia. 

Battle  of  Marathon. 
Bridge  of  Boats. 
Pass  of  Thermopyla?. 
Battle  of  Platrea. 
Battle  of  Salamis. 
Plan  of  Athens. 
Plan  of  Babylon. 
Chronological  Table. 


To  illustrate  Thucydides. 
Sicily.* 

Acarnania  and  ^Etolia. 
Sybota. 
Stratos. 
Olpe. 
Pallene  and  Siege  of  Po- 

tidzea. 
Amphipolis. 
Pylos. 
Battles    in    the    Crissaean 

Gulph. 

Siege  of  Platsea. 
Plan  of  Syracuse. 
Plan  of  Athens. 
Chronological  Table    from 

the  Battle  of  Plataea  to  the 

close  of  the  Peloponnesian 

War. 


To  illustrate  Livit 
Mysia  and  Lydia. 
Rome. 

Vicinity  of  Rome. 
Battle  of  Caudine  Forks. 
Passage  .of  the  Rhone. 
Battle  of  the  Trebia. 
Battle  of  Trasimenus. 
Battle.of  Cannse. 
Plan  of  Syracuse. 
Siege  of  Syracuse. 
Battle  at  the  Metaurus. 
Battle  of  Zama. 
Battle  of  Cynocephala;. 
Battle  of  Magnesia. 
Plan  of  Sparta. 
Plan  of  a  Roman  Encamp- 
ment, &c.  &c. 


To  illustrate  Homer. 
The  World. 
Map  of  the  Trojan  War. 


Miscellaneous. 
Plan  of  a  Greek  Theatre. 
Plan  of  a  Roman  Theatre. 
Catapulta. 
Balista. 
Testudo. 

Musculus  and  Pluteus. 
Battering  Ram. 
Covered  Galleries. 
&c,  &c.  &c. 

OXFORD,  PUBLISHED  BY  J.  VINCENT ;  AND   G.  B.  WH1TTAKER, 

LONDON. 


A  LIST 

OF  SOME  OF  THE  'MOST  POPULAR 

BOOKS 

PUBLISHED  BY  J.  VINCENT,  OXFORD. 


NATURAL  THEOLOGY,  by  WILLIAM  PALEY,  D.D.  illustrated  by  a  Series 
of  Plates,  and  Explanatory  Notes.  By  JAMES  PAXTON,  Member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  London.  To  which  is  added,  BOTANICAL 
THEOLOGY,  by  JOHN  SHUTE  DUNCAN,  M.A.  Fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford.  2  vols.  8vo.  price  £1  8s. 

In  announcing  this  Work  to  the  Public,  it  may  be  observed,  that  it  has 
originated  from  the  difficulty  of  understanding  the  argument,  when  applied  to  the 
mechanism  in  the  structure  of  natural  objects,  and  those  instances  of  contrivance 
which  demonstrate  a  Creative  Power. 

The  physical  arguments  in  Natural  History  relate  to  many  objects  which  indeed 
may  be  generally  subjected  to  our  senses,  but  (to  instance  only  anatomy)  it  is 
probable  that  they  have  never  been  seen  by  the  generality  of  the  readers.  Those 
organs  destined  to  mechanical  functions — the  bones  of  man — the  muscles — compa- 
rative anatomy — relations  and  compensations  even  of  insects  and  plants— all  admit 
of  graphic  representation.  The  plates  which  are  given  in  the  work  are  all  accurately 
represented  from  original  designs  obtained  from  the  most  authentic  sources,  and 
have  been  submitted  to  the  critical  examination  of  the  most  competent  judges. 

"  Archdeacon  Paley's  work  is  too  universally  known  to  require  comment.  This  edition  of  it 
has  the  advantage  of  a  clear  and  legible  type— no  small  recommendation;  and  of  plates, 
which,  with  the  editor's  "  explanatory  notes,"  are  what  they  profess  to  be—illustrations, 
contributing  very  materially,  we  think,  to  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  author. 

"  The  Supplement,  which  has  its  illustrations  also,  (carrying  the  discussion  into,  and  collecting 
evidences  from  another  department  of  nature,)  will  be  found  instructive,  and  very  interest- 
ing." New  Monthly  Magazine,  October,  1826. 

"This  is  a  well  conceived  work,  containing  plates  of  the  principal  subjects  of  anatomy  and 
physiology,  adduced  by  Paley.  The  author  speaks  of  them  as  ma'de  from  nature;  and 
they  are  obviously  a  very  useful  and  illustrative  explanation.  The  volumes  deserve  to  be  in 
the  hands  of  every  one  who  takes  the  "  Natural  Theology  "  as  a  guide  in  one  of  the  most 
interesting  studies  that  can  be  offered  to  the  mind  of  piety  and  wisdom." 

Quarterly  Theological  Review,  September,  1826. 

"  We  are  surprised  that  twenty-three  years  should  have  elapsed  before  the  experiment  was  made, 
but  we  should  be  ungrateful  not  to  acknowledge  its  utility,  however  late  the  attempt." 

Gents.  Mag.  July,  18CC. 

BOTANICAL  THEOLOGY,  or  Evidences  of  the  Existence  and  Attributes  of  the 
Deity  collected  from  the  appearances  of  Nature,  by  JOHN  SHUTE  DUNCAN, 
M.A.  Fellow  of  New  College.  Illustrated  with  Four  Engravings,  second  edition. 
8vo.  price  4s.  Intended  as  a  Supplement  to  PALEY'S  NATURAL  THEOLOGY. 

A  SERIES  of  THIRTY  SIX  ENGRAVINGS,  with  descriptive  letter-press, 
illustrative  of  PALEY'S  NATURAL  THEOLOGY,  8vo.  boards,  price  15s. 

A  few  proof  impressions  may  be  had,  price  £1  Is. 


Popular  Books  lately  published  by  J.  Vincent,  Oxford. 

A  SERIES  of  THIRTY  SIX  LITHOGRAPHIC  PLATES,  with  descriptive 
letter-press,  illustrative  of  PALEY'S  NATURAL  THEOLOGY,  8vo.  boards,  price  12s. 

An  INTRODUCTORY  LECTURE  to  a  Course  in  Comparative  Anatomy,  illus- 
trative of  Paley's  Natural  Theology.  By  JOHN  KIDD,  M.D.  and  F.R.S.  Regius 
Professor  of  Medicine  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  Second  Edition,  price  2s.  6d. 

MAPS  AND  PLANS, 

DEDICATED  WITH  PERMISSION  TO  THE  REV.  DR.  RUSSELL,  HEAD  MASTER 
OF  THE  CHARTER  HOUSE  SCHOOL,  LONDON. 

MAPS  AND  PLANS  illustrative  of  THUCYDIDES,  8vo.  boards,  price  10s.  6d. 

"  If  we  were  desired  to  mention  a  series  of  works  calculated  to  assist  the  Student  in  his 
progress,  we  should  refer  him  to  some  publications  which  have  lately  appeared  at 
Oxford.  Of  these,  the  two  Atlasses  before  us  are  not  the  least  useful.  They  contain  not 
only  the  general  Maps  necessary  for  the  study  of  Grecian  History,  but  also  Plans  and 

Sections  illustrative  of  particular  passages  in  the  authors  above  mentioned These 

chorographical  treasures,  long  locked  up  in  expensive  publications,  are  now  given  to  the 
world.  Gail  and  Rennel  are  the  principal  authorities,  and  the  engraver  has  executed  his 
task  with  ability." 

Extract  from  the.  Gents.  Mag,  vol.  Q5,  part  2.  Sitp.  December,  1826. 

MAPS  AND  PLANS  illustrative  of  HERODOTUS,  8vo.  boards,  price  10s.  6d. 

"  The  Collection  before  us  is  chiefly  selected  from  D'Anville,  Barbee  du  Bocage,  Rennel, 
and  Gail,  and  forms  an  excellent  Geographical  Note  Book  for  the  Student.  Besides  the 
general  Maps  included  in  that  portion  of  history,  it  includes  Plans  without  which  it  is 
impossible  to  understand  those  authors  thoroughly.  We  allude  particularly  to  the  Track 
of  Darius  Hystaspes  in  Scythia,  the  Pass  of  Thermopylae,  the  siege  of  Platiea,  and  Battles 
in  Crisstean  Gulph,  etc.  Similar  illustrations  of  Livy,  Polybius,  and  Xenophon,  are 
announced,  and  a  General  Ancient  Atlas  is  promised. 

"  We  earnestly  recommend  to  the  classical  student  an  immediate  acquaintance  with  the  Maps 
under  review."  Classical  Journal,  December,  1825. 

MAPS  AND  PLANS  illustrative  of  LIVY,  8vo.  boards,  price  12s. 


QUESTIONS. 

QUESTIONS  on  HERODOTUS,  price  4s.  boards. 
—  on  THUCYDIDES,  price  4s.  boards. 
— on  LIVY,  Book  21  to  30,  price  Is. 

—  on  the  OLD  TESTAMENT,  with  References  to  the  most  approved 
Commentators,  fourth  edition,  price  Is. 

—  on  the  NEW  TESTAMENT,  with  References  to  the  most  approved 
Commentators,  fourth  edition,  price  Js. 

QUESTIONS  on  the  ARTICLES  of  the  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND,  fourth 
edition,  price  Is. 

on  LOGIC,  price  Is. 


Popular  Books  lately  published  by  J.  Vincent,  Oxford. 
TRANSLATIONS. 

The  ETHICS  of  ARISTOTLE   literally   translated,  with   Notes,  8vo.  second 
edition,  price  10s.  6d. 

The  TRAGEDIES  of  ^SCHYLUS  literally  translated  into  English  prose,  8vo. 
price  10s.  6d. 

HERODOTUS  literally  translated,  illustrated  with  copious  Notes,  explanatory  and 
critical,  from  Larcher,  Rennel,  Mitford,  &c.;  to  which  is  added,  a  Chronology. 
2  vols.  8vo.  price  £1  4s. 

The  RUDIMENTS  of  the  ART  OF  LOGIC  literally  translated,  with  Notes, 
third  edition,  price  3s.  6d. 

THUCYDIDES'S  HISTORY  of  the  GRECIAN  WAR  literally  translated  by 
HOBBES,  with  Notes  and  an  Analysis,  8vo.  price  12s. 

DIVINITY. 

The  ARTICLES  of  the  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND,  with  Notes  compiled  from 
Burnet,  Welshman,  Tomline,  &c.  confirmed  by  Texts  of  the  Holy  Scripture, 
price  Is. 

The  ARTICLES  of  the  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND,  with  Proofs  and  a  Series  of 
Questions,  price  Is. 

The  ARTICLES  of  the  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND^  with  a  Commentary, 
price  Is. 

ANSWERS  to  the  QUESTIONS  on  the  ARTICLES  of  the  CHURCH  OF 
ENGLAND,  price  Is. 

DISCOURSES  of  a  FATHER  to  his  CHILDREN,  12mo.  3s.  6d. 

A  COMPENDIOUS  GUIDE  to  the  STUDY  of  the  HOLY  SCRIPTURES, 
12mo. 

EPITOME  of  the  OLD  and  NEW  TESTAMENTS,  intended  chiefly  for  Students 
in  Divinity,  price  4s. 

HARMONY  of  the  OLD  and  NEW  TESTAMENTS,  price  2s. 

HISTORICAL  CONNECTION  between  the  OLD  and  NEW  TESTAMENTS, 
shewing  the  Types  in  the  former,  and  their  fulfilment  in  the  latter,  second 
edition,  price  Is. 

"  This  little  Tract,  intended  for  Undergraduates  previous  to  their  second  examination,  deserves 
the  attention  of  Candidates  for  holy  orders.  A  concise  Prophetical  Connection,  with  a  Table 
of  the  Prophecies  and  their  fulfilment,  has  issued  from  the  same  press,  with  Questions  on 
the  Scriptures,  and  the  Articles  of  the  Church  of  England.  To  the  more  abstruse  questions 
references  are  given,  which  may  induce  the  Student  to  consult  several  very  valuable 
Works.  From  the  specimens  we  have  seen,  we  confidently  recommend  the  whole  series  to 
Tutors  out  of  the  University." 

•Classical  Journal,  September,  1824. 


Popular  Books  lately  published  by  J.  Vincent,  Oxford. 

LAYMAN'S  THEOLOGICAL  INSTRUCTOR,  or  a  Plain  Exposition  of  the 
Doctrines  of  the  Church  of  England,  8vo.  price  10s.  6<U 

MANUAL  OF  DIVINITY,  price  6s.  containing 

An  Historical  Connection  between  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 
A  Prophetical  Connection  between  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 
..    A  Summary  of  the  New  Testament. 

A  Summary  of  the  Evidences  of  the  Christian  Religion. 

The  Harmony  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 

The  Articles  of  the  Church  of  England,  with  Notes  and  Scripture  Proofs. 

PORTEUS'S  SUMMARY  of  the  EVIDENCES  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN 
RELIGION,  price  Is.  ' 

PROPHETICAL  CONNECTION  between  the  OLD  AND  NEW  TESTA- 
MENTS, with  a  Table  of  the  Prophecies  and  their  fulfilment,  third  edition, 
price  Is. 

SUMMARY  of  the  NEW  TESTAMENT,  price  2s.  boards. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 

OXFORD  PRIZE  POEMS,  being  a  Collection  of  such  Poems  as  have  at  various 
times  obtained  Prizes  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  Extra  boards,  price  7s. 

LEXICON  HERODOTEUM,  SCHWEIGHJEUSER.     8vo.  price  14s. 

SOPHOCL1S  TRAGCEDI^E,  BRUNCK,  SCHAEFER,  EX  ERFURDT,  2  vols.  32mo. 
price  8s. 

Preparing  for  publication,  and  will  be  ready  in  June, 
on  one  large  sheet,  price  Is.  6d.  coloured, 

A  TABULAR  VIEW  OF  VOLCANIC  PHENOMENA,  comprising  a  list 
of  the  Burning  Mountains,  which  are  either  now  in  action,  or  have  existed  in 
former  periods  throughout  the  Globe ;  together  with  the  dates  of  their  respective 
Eruptions,  and  of  the  principal  Earthquakes  which  they  have  occasioned.  By 
CHARLES  DAUBENY,  M.D.  F.R.S.  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Oxford.  Intended  as  a  Companion  to  the  Lectures  on  Volcanos,  by  the  same 
author. 

An  INTRODUCTION  to  the  STUDY  OF,  HUMAN  ANATOMY,  containing 
upwards  of  Three  Hundred  Wood-cuts  of  isolated  parts  of  the  body,  and  several 
Copper-plate  Engravings  of  the  whole  figure.  This  Work  will  form  a  concise 
yet  complete  and  familiar  Compendium  for  the  general  scientific  enquirer  and 
professional  student.  By  JAMES  PAXTON,  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  London,  and  author  of  Illustrations  of  Paley's  Natural  Theology. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


OF 


PALEY'S   NATURAL  THEOLOGY; 


DESCRIPTIVE  LETTER  PRESS. 


BY  JAMES  PAXTON, 

MEMBER   OF   THE    ROYAL   COLLEGE    OF   SURGEONS,   LONDON. 


"  Of  muscular  actions,  even  of  those  well  understood,  some  of  the 
most  curious  are  incapable  of  popular  explanation,  without  the  aid  of 
Plates  and  Figures."  PALEY'S  THEOLOGY,  Ch.  ix. 


OXFORD : 

PUBLISHED    BY    J.   VINCENT. 
MDCCCXXVF. 


TO    THE 

HONOURABLE  AND  RIGHT  REVEREND 

SHUTE    BARRINGTON,  LL.D. 

LORD  BISHOP  OF  DURHAM. 

MY  LORD, 

To  your  suggestion  the  world  is 
indebted  for  the  existence  of  Dr.  Paley's  valuable 
work  on  Natural  Theology.  The  universal  and 
permanent  esteem  in  which  it  has  been  held  in 
this  country,  and  its  favourable  reception  in 
France,  even  after  the  desolating  influence  of 
the  Revolution,  have  abundantly  approved  your 
Lordship's  selection  both  of  the  subject  and  of  the 
person  to  whom  you  intrusted  it. 

In  looking  round,  then,  for  a  patron  for  these 
ILLUSTRATIONS,  it  was  natural  to  have  recourse 
to  him  who  was  the  original  suggestor  of  the 
work  which  it  is  their  object  to  explain.  Nor 
was  I  disappointed  in  my  wish ;  your  Lordship 


DEDICATION. 

not  only  condescending  to  approve  of  the  de- 
sign, but  to  encourage  me  in  its  prosecution  by 
your  very  liberal  support.  For  this  distinguished 
honour  you  will  believe  me  deeply  sensible ;  and 
if  I  may  indulge  the  hope  that  my  humble  efforts 
will  increase  the  utility  of  so  eminent  a  writer,  I 
shall  consider  it  the  highest  gratification. 
I  am, 

MY  LORD, 

•  With  great  veneration, 
Your  Lordship's  most  obliged 

And  obedient  servant, 
JAMES  PAXTON. 

Oxford, 
January  1,  1826. 


PREFACE. 


THE  works  of  Dr.  Paley  have  acquired  that 
popularity  which  renders  it  scarcely  necessary  to 
observe  that  his  Natural  Theology  was  written  to 
establish  the  truth  of  the  agency  and  wisdom  of 
the  Deity  from  the  admirable  contrivances  and 
mechanism  displayed  in  natural  objects,  inferring 
from  thence  that  the  knowledge  and  power  requi- 
site for  the  formation  of  created  nature  must  be 
infinite. 

The  principal  physical  arguments  made  use  of, 
relate  to  organs  destined  to  mechanical  func- 
tions, as  the  bones  of  man — the  muscles — the 
structure  of  animals,  or  comparative  anatomy — 
prospective  and  compensatory  contrivances — in- 
sects and  plants:  with  most  of  these  objects  the 
anatomist  only  can  be  conversant ;  but  all  admit 
of  graphic  representation,  and  such  has  been  at- 
tempted. 

The  designs  of  the  following  plates  are  original, 


PREFACE. 

obtained  from  the  most  authentic  sources,  and 
submitted  to  the  critical  examination  of  the  most 
competent  judges.  It  is  hoped  that  the  illustrations 
will  be  found  the  more  interesting  from  their 
being  simple  and  unincumbered  by  parts  irrelevant 
to  the  subject  of  the  author.  These  are  accom- 
panied by  notes,  which  are  intended  to  supply 
defective  or  correct  erroneous  statements,  and  to 
explain  the  plates. 

The  undertaking  originated  in  the  difficulty 
of  understanding  the  various  descriptions  intro- 
duced by  Paley,  not  however  from  his  want  of 
clearness,  for  the  subjects  in  general  are  plainly 
and  correctly  described;  but  it  is  evident  that 
visible  representations  strike  the  mind  more  forci- 
bly than  mere  descriptions.  It  is  therefore  pre- 
sumed that  the  subsequent  illustrations  will  be  an 
acquisition,  by  bringing  vivedly  to  the  imagination, 
objects  of  which  only  an  imperfect  idea  could 
otherwise  be  formed;  and  that  they  will  conse- 
quently render  the  work  more  intelligible  to  the 
general  reader. 


CHAPTER  I. 


TAB.   I. — THE    WATCH. 


FIG.  1.  The  spring  and  barrel,  or  first  power,  with  the  chain 
which  connects  it  to — 

FIG.  2.  The  fusee  and  great  wheel.  The  fusee  is  tapered  at 
the  top  to  correct  the  irregular  recoil  of  the  spring.  The  great 
wheel  turns — 

FIG.  3.  The  centre  wheel  and  pinion,  which  makes  one  revo- 
lution in  an  hour,  carries  the  minute  hand,  and  turns — 

FIG.  4.  The  third  wheel  and  pinion,  which  turns  the  contrate 
wheel. 

FIG.  5.  The  contrate  wheel,  which  makes  one  revolution  in  a 
minute,  and  turns  the  balance  or  escape  wheel, 

FIG.  6.  The  balance  wheel,  which  acts  upon  the  pallats  of  the 
verge,  and  escapes  or  drops  from  one  pallat  to  another  alter- 
nately, thereby  keeping  the  balance  in  constant  vibration. 

FIG.  7.  The  balance  verge  and  balance  or  pendulum  spring, 
which  regulates  the  whole  machine. 

FIG.  8.  The  cannon  pinion,  affixed  to  the  centre  wheel  arbour, 
on  which  the  minute  hand  is  placed. 
FIG.  9.  The  minute  wheel. 

FIG.  10.  The  hour  wheel.  These  wheels  are  turned  by  the 
cannon  pinion,  and  having  a  greater  number  of  teeth,  move 
much  slower  than  the  cannon  pinion,  and  mark  the  hour  by 
the  hand  on  the  dial. 

The  above  is  a  description  of  the  several  wheels  alluded  to  by 
Paley.  Their  relative  situation,  and  combined  movement,  may 
be  seen  by  the  simple  inspection  of  a  watch. 


TAB. I 


® 


SI 


CHAPTER  III. 

TAB.    II. — THE    EYE. 

FIG.  1.  The  crystalline  lens  of  a  fish;  it  is  proportionably 
larger  than  in  other  animals,  and  perfectly  spherical. 

FIG.  2.  A  section  of  the  human  eye.  It  is  formed  of  various 
coats,  or  membranes,  containing  pellucid  humours  of  different 
degrees  of  density. 

The  external  membrane,  called  sclerotic,  is  strong  and  firm, 
the  support  of  the  spherical  figure  of  the  eye  :  it  is  deficient  in 
the  centre,  but  that  part  is  supplied  by  the  cornea,  which  is 
transparent  and  projects  like  the  segment  of  a  small  globe  from 
one  of  larger  size.  The  interior  of  the  sclerotic  is  lined  by  the 
choroid,  covered  by  a  dark  mucous  secretion,  termed  pigmentum 
nigrum,  intended  to  absorb  the  superfluous  rays  of  light.  The 
choroid  is  represented  in  the  plate  by  the  black  line.  The 
third  and  inner  membrane,  which  is  marked  by  the  white  line,  is 
the  retina,  the  expanded  optic  nerve. 

Within  these  coats  of  the  eye,  are  the  humours,  a,  the  aqueous 
humour,  a  thin  fluid  like  water;  b,  the  crystalline  lens  of  a 
dense  texture ;  c,  the  vitreous  humour,  in  appearance  like  jelly. 
Together  they  make  a  compound  lens,  which  refracts  the  rays 
of  light  issuing  from  an  object,  d,  and  delineates  its  figure,  e,  in 
the  focus  upon  the  retina,  inverted. 

FIG.  3.  The  lens  of  the  telescope. 

FIG.  4.  The  crystalline  lens. 

FIG.  5,  6.  A  plan  of  the  circular  and  radiated  fibres  which 
the  iris  is  supposed  to  possess ;  the  former  contracts,  the  latter 
dilates  the  pupil,  or  aperture  formed  by  the  inner  margin  of 
the  iris. 

FIG.  7.  a,  a,  a,  a,  the  four  straight  muscles,  arising  from  the 
bottom  of  the  orbit,  where  they  surround,  c,  the  optic  nerve ;  and 
are  inserted  by  broad  thin  tendons  at  the  fore  part  of  the  globe 
of  the  eye  into  the  tunica  sclerotica. 


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CHAPTER  III. 


TAB.  III. — THE  EYE  OF  BIRDS  AND  OF  THE  EEL. 

FIG.  1,  2.  The  flexible  rim,  or  hoop,  of  the  eye  of  birds,  con- 
sisting of  bony  plates,  which  occupy  the  front  of  the  sclerotic ; 
lying  close  together  and  overlapping  each  other.  These  bony 
plates  in  general  form  a  slightly  convex  ring,  Fig.  1,  but  in  the 
accipitres  they  form  a  concave  ring,  as  in  Fig.  2,  the  bony  rim 
of  a  hawk. 

FIG.  3,  4,  6.  Exhibit  the  marsupium;  it  arises  from  the 
back  of  the  eye,  proceeding  apparently  through  a  slit  in  the 
retina;  it  passes  obliquely  into  the  vitreous  humour,  and  ter- 
minates in  that  part,  as  in  the  eagle,  Fig.  3,  a  section  of  the  eye 
of  the  falco  chrysaetos.  In  some  species  it  reaches  the  lens, 
and  is  attached  to  it,  Fig.  4,  6.  In  the  plate  the  marsupium 
is  marked  with  a  *. 

FIG.  5.  The  head  of  an  eel;  the  skin  is  represented  turned 
back ;  and  as  the  transparent  horny  covering  of  the  eye,  a,  a,  is 
a  cuticular  covering,  it  is  separated  with  it. 


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CHAPTER  III. 

TAB.  IV. — THE    LACHRYMAL   APPARATUS    AND 
NICTITATING    MEMBRANE. 

FIG.  1.  a,  the  lachrymal  gland,  the  source  of  the  tears;  b,  its 
several  ducts,  diffusing  this  fluid  over  the  eye ;  c,  c,  the  puncta 
lachrymalia,  which  convey  the  tears  into,  d,  the  lachrymal  sac, 
terminating  in  the  nostril. 

FIG.  2.  The  nictitating  membrane,  or  third  eyelid ;  it  is  a  thin 
semi-transparent  fold  of  the  conjunctive,  which,  in  a  state  of 
rest,  lies  in  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye,  with  its  loose  edge 
nearly  vertical,  but  can  be  drawn  out  so  as  to  cover  the  whole 
front  of  the  globe.  In  this  figure  it  is  represented  in  the  act  of 
being  drawn  over  the  eye. 

FIG.  3.  The  muscles  of  the  nictitating  membrane  are  very 
singular  in  their  form  and  action,  they  are  attached  to  the  back 
of  the  sclerotic ;  one  of  them,  a,  which  from  its  shape  is  called 
quadratus,  has  its  origin  from  the  upper  and  back  part  of  the 
sclerotic ;  its  fibres  descend  towards  the  optic  nerve,  and  ter- 
minate in  a  curved  margin  with  a  cylindrical  canal  in  it.  The 
other  muscle,  b,  which  is  called  pyramidalis,  arises  from  the 
lower  and  back  part  of  the  sclerotic.  It  has  a  long  tendinous 
chord,  c,  which  passes  through  the  canal  of  the  quadratus,  a,  as 
a  pulley,  and  having  arrived  at  the  lower  and  exterior  part  of  the 
eye-ball,  is  inserted  into  the  loose  edge  of  the  nictitating  mem- 
brane. This  description  refers  also  to  Fig  4,  a  profile  of  the 
eye,  and  Fig.  5,  the  membrane  and  its  muscles  detached  from 
the  eye. 


f 


CHAPTER  III. 

TAB.   V. — THE    HUMAN    EAR,   AND   TYMPANUM   OF 
THE    ELEPHANT. 

FIG.  1.  a,  the  external  ear  ;  b,  the  meat  us  auditorius  externus; 
c,  the  membrana  tympani ;  d,  the  ossicula  auditus ;  e,  the  semi- 
circular canals;  f,  the  cochlea;  g,  a  section  of  the  eustachian 
tube,  which  extends  from  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum,  to  the 
interior  of  the  fauces. 

FIG.  2.  The  bones  of  the  ear  magnified,  a,  the  malleus,  con- 
nected by  a  process  to  the  tympanum :  the  round  head  is 
lodged  in  the  body  of,  b,  the  incus,  and  the  incus  is  united  to,  c, 
the  os  orbiculare,  and  this  to,  d,  the  stapes. 

FIG.  3.  The  labyrinth,  so  named  from  the  intricacy  of  its 
cavities ;  it  is  situated  in  the  petrous  part  of  the  temporal  bone, 
and  consists  of  the  vestibule,  or  central  cavity,  three  semicircular 
canals,  and  cochlea,  and  is  best  explained  by  the  plate,  Fig.  1, 
and  3. 

The  vibrations  of  sounds,  striking  against  the  membrana 
tympani,  are  propagated  by  the  intervention  of  these  four  little 
bones,  to  the  water  contained  within  the  cavities  of  the  laby- 
rinth ;  and  by  means  of  this  water  the  impression  is  conveyed 
to  the  extremities  of  the  auditory  nerve. 

Fish  require  no  tympanum,  nor  external  opening  to  the  ear ; 
the  fluid  in  which  they  live  is  the  medium  for  conducting  sounds 
through  the  bones  of  the  head. 

FIG.  4.  The  tympanum  of  the  elephant,  of  its  natural  size. 


TAB  „  'V 


CHAPTER  VII. 


TAB.  VI. — TROCHLEAR  MUSCLE  OF  THE  EYE, 
AND  KIDNEY. 

FIG.  1.  The  trochlear  or  superior  oblique  muscle,  arises  with 
the  straight  muscles  from  the  bottom  of  the  orbit.  Its  muscular 
portion,  a,  is  extended  over  the  upper  part  of  the  eye-ball,  and 
gradually  assumes  the  form  of  a  smooth  round  tendon,  b,  which 
passes  through  the  pulley,  c,  and  is  fixed  to  the  inner  edge  of 
the  orbit,  d,  then  turning  backwards  and  downwards,  e,  is  inserted 
into,  f,  the  sclerotic  membrane. 

FIG.  2.  A  section  of  the  human  kidney;  a,  the  emulgent 
artery  which  conveys  the  blood  to,  b,  the  papilla,  where  the 
peculiar  fluid  is  secreted ;  from  whence  it  passes  by  tubes  into  c, 
the  pelvis  ;  d,  the  emulgent  vein  which  returns  the  blood ;  e,  the 
ureter,  or  tube,  which  conducts  the  secretion  to  its  receptacle. 


TAB .  VS. 


CHAPTER  VITI. 

TAB.    VII. — VERTEBRAE   OF  THE    HUMAN    NECK. 

FIG.  1.  A  representation  of  the  head  and  the  neck;  the  latter 
is  composed  of  seven  bones  called  vertebra. 

FIG.  2.  exhibits  the  first  and  second  vertebrae,  with  their 
mode  of  connexion.  The  uppermost  vertebra,  termed  the  atlas, 
from  its  supporting  the  globe  of  the  head,  has  an  oval  concave 
surface  on  either  side,  a,  a,  for  the  reception  of  two  correspond- 
ing convex  surfaces  placed  on  the  lower  part  of  the  head,  in 
such  a  manner  as  only  to  admit  of  the  action  of  bending  and 
raising  the  head. 

FIG.  3.  The  atlas. 

FIG.  4.  The  second  vertebra,  called  dentata,  has  two  plane 
surfaces,  a}  a,  adapted  to  the  planes,  a,  a,  Fig.  3.  of  the  atlas : 
and  this  manner  of  articulation  provides  for  the  turning  of  the 
head  laterally  in  almost  every  direction.  Fig.  2.  and  4.  b,  b, 
shew  the  tooth-like  process  which  affords  a  firm  pivot  for  the 
production  of  the  lateral  motion  just  described.  This  process 
is  received  into  a  corresponding  indentation  of  the  atlas,  Fig.  3. 
b,  and  a  strong  ligament  passes  behind  it,  serving  as  an  effectual 
security  against  dislocation,  and  consequent  compression  of  the 
spinal  marrow.  Fig.  4.  d,  marks  the  situation  for  the  spinal 
marrow,  which  passes  through  the  ring  of  each  vertebra.  The 
letter,  c,  indicates  a  perforation  in  the  lateral  process;  and  as 
there  is  a  corresponding  perforation  in  each  lateral,  or  as  it  is 
termed  transverse  process  of  the  seven  cervical  vertebrae,  a  con- 
tinuous passage  is  thus  formed  for  the  protection  of  two  import- 
ant blood-vessels  destined  to  supply  the  brain. 


TAB  .v-n 


Published  by  JamesPaxton 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


TAB.  VIII. — BONES    OF   THE    ARM. 

FIG.  1.  a,  the  humerus ;  the  head,  b,  is  a  portion  of  a  sphere, 
and  exhibits  an  example  of  the  ball  and  socket,  or  universal 
joint;  c,  the  hinge  joint,  instanced  in  the  elbow;  d,  the  radius; 
e,  the  ulna.  The  radius  belongs  more  peculiarly  to  the  wrist, 
being  the  bone  which  supports  the  hand,  and  which  turns  with 
it  in  all  its  revolving  motions.  The  ulna  principally  belongs  to 
the  elbow  joint,  for  by  it  we  perform  all  the  actions  of  bending 
or  extending  the  arm. 

FIG.  2.  a,  the  humerus :  b,  shows  the  connexion  of  the  radius, 
with,  c,  the  ulna,  at  the  elbow.  The  mode  of  articulation  at 
the  wrist  is  seen,  Fig.  1. 


TAfiLVIH 


Of  v 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


TAB.   IX. — THE    SPINE. 

FIG.  1.  The  human  spine,  so  named  from  the  series  of  sharp 
processes  projecting  from  the  posterior  part  of  the  vertebrae. 
The  spine  consists  of  seven  vertebrae  of  the  neck,  distinguished 
by  the  perforations  in  their  transverse  processes;  of  twelve 
belonging  to  the  back,  and  marked  by  depressions  for  the  heads 
of  the  ribs ;  and,  lastly,  of  five  belonging  to  the  loins,  which 
are  larger  than  the  other  vertebrae. 

FIG.  2.  A  separated  dorsal  vertebra :  a,  the  body  of  the  ver- 
tebra ;  b,  the  ring  through  which  the  spinal  marrow  passes :  c,  c, 
the  articulating  surfaces  to  which  the  ribs  are  united. 

FIG.  3.  The  vertebra  of  a  very  large  serpent,  drawn  from  a 
specimen  belonging  to  the  Anatomy  school  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  This  figure  shews  the  socket  of  the  vertebra. 

FIG.  4.  the  ball  or  rounded  joint,  evidently  calculated  for  ex- 
tensive motion. 

FIG.  5.  A  part  of  the  spine  of  the  same  reptile ;  it  is  exceed- 
ingly strong,  each  bone  being  united  to  the  other  by  fifteen 
surfaces  of  articulation. 


CHAPTER  VTIT. 


TAB.   X. — THE    CHEST,   PATELLA,   AND    SHOULDER 
BLADE. 

FIG.  1.  The  spine,  ribs,  and  sternum,  constitute  the  frame- 
work of  the  chest  or  thorax.  Referring  however  to  the  plate,  or 
to  nature,  we  observe  that  the  ribs  are  not  continued  throughout 
from  the  spine  to  the  sternum,  but  intervening  cartilages  com- 
plete the  form  of  the  chest,  by  connecting  the  end  of  the  rib  to 
the  breast  bone.  This  is  a  further  provision,  relative  to  the 
mechanical  function  of  the  lungs,  deserving  notice.  The 
muscles  of  respiration  enlarge  the  capacity  of  the  chest  by 
elevating  the  ribs ;  and  during  the  momentary  interval  of  mus- 
cular action  the  cartilages,  from  their  great  elasticity,  restore 
the  ribs  to  their  former  position. 

FIG.  2.  Represents  the  true  shape  of  the  patella,  the  anterior 
surface  convex.  Fig.  3.  the  posterior  surface,  has  two  concave 
depressions  adapted  to  the  condyles  of  the  thigh  bone.  The 
projection  of  the  patella,  as  a  lever,  or  pulley,  removes  the 
acting  force  from  the  centre  of  motion,  by  which  means  the 
muscles  have  a  greater  advantage  in  extending  the  leg. 

FIG.  4.  The  shoulder-blade  (scapula]  is  joined  to  the  collar 
bone  by  ligaments,  arid  to  the  thorax  by  powerful  muscles 
which  are  capable  of  sustaining  immense  weights,  and  whose 
action  gives  the  various  directions  to  the  arm,  and  enables  it 
freely  to  revolve  at  the  shoulder  joint. 


tJ     w 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

TAB.    XI. — THE    HIP,    KNEE,   AND   ANKLE   JOINTS. 

FIG.  1.  The  capsular  ligament  is  here  opened  in  order  to  shew 
the  ligament  of  the  hip,  named  the  round  ligament.  It  allows 
considerable  latitude  of  motion,  at  the  same  time  that  it  is  the 
great  safe-guard  against  dislocation. 

FIG.  2.  and  4.  The  crucial  or  internal  ligaments  of  the 
knee-joint  arise  from  each  side  of  the  depression  between  the 
condyles  of  the  thigh  bone;  the  anterior  is  fixed  into  the 
centre,  the  posterior  into  the  back  of  the  articulation  of  the 
tibia.  This  structure  properly  limits  the  motions  of  the  joint, 
and  gives  the  firmness  requisite  for  violent  exertions.  Viewing 
the  form  of  the  bones,  we  should  consider  it  one  of  the  weakest 
and  most  superficial,  but  the  strength  of  its  ligaments  renders  it 
the  most  secure,  and  the  least  liable  to  dislocation  of  any  joint 
in  the  whole  body. 

FIG.  3.  one  of  the  inter  articular  cartilages  of  the  knee,  from 
their  shape  called  semilunar ;  it  is  also  represented  in  situ 
Fig.  2.  The  outer  edge  of  each  cartilage  is  thick,  the  inner 
concave  edge  thin ;  the  sockets  for  the  condyles  of  the  thigh 
bone  are  thus  rendered  deeper,  and  the  cartilages  are  so  fixed 
as  to  allow  a  little  play  on  the  tibia,  by  which  the  joint  moves 
with  great  freedom. 

A  moving  cartilage  is  not  common,  but  is  peculiar  to  those 
joints  whose  motions  are  very  frequent,  or  which  move  under  a 
great  weight.  It  is  a  contrivance  found  at  the  inner  head  of 
the  collar  bone  and  the  articulation  of  the  wrist,  as  well  as 
at  the  knee.  The  obvious  use  is  to  lessen  friction  and  fa- 
cilitate motion. 

FIG.  4.  Exhibits  the  formation  of  the  ankle  joint;  a, 
bitla;  b,  the  tibia. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


TAB.   XIT. — THE    SARTORIUS   AND    OBLIQUE    MUSCLES 
OF   THE    HEAD. 

FIG.  1.  a,  a,  the  sartorius,  is  the  longest  muscle  of  the  whole 
human  fabric  :  it  is  extended  obliquely  across  the  thigh  from 
the  fore  part  of  the  hip  (the  anterior  superior  spinous  process  of 
the  os  illium,)  to  the  inner  side  of  the  tibia.  Its  office  is  to 
bend  the  knee  and  bring  the  leg  inwards. 

FIG.  2.  There  are  two  pairs  of  oblique  muscles ;  a,  a,  the 
obliquus  capitis  superior,  arising  from  the  transverse  process  of 
the  atlas,  .and  inserted  into  the  occipital  bone ;  b,  b,  the  obliquus 
capitis  inferior,  arising  from  the  spinous  process  of  the  dentate, 
and  inserted  into  the  transverse  process  of  the  atlas. 


• 


TAB'.XH. 


CHAPTER  XL 


TAB.   XIII. — THE    MUSCLES   OF  THE    ARM. 


FIG.  1.  a,  the  biceps  (biceps  flexor  cubiti)  arise  by  two  por- 
tions from  the  scapula;  they  form  a  thick  mass  of  flesh  in  the 
middle  of  the  arm,  which  is  finally  inserted  into  the  upper  end 
of  the  radius;  b,  the  brachi&us  internus,  arises  from  the  middle 
of  the  os  humeri,  and  is  inserted  into  the  ulna.  Both  these 
muscles  bend  the  fore-arm,  c,  the  longus  et  brevis  brachiaus 
externus;  these  are  better  named  as  one  muscle,  triceps  extensor 
cubiti.  It  is  attached  to  the  inferior  edge  of  the  scapula,  and 
to  the  os  humeri,  by  three  distinct  heads,  which  unite  and 
invest  the  whole  back  part  of  the  bone,  becoming  a  strong 
tendon  which  is  implanted  into  the  elbow.  It  is  a  powerful 
extensor  of  the  fore-arm,  d,  the  anconteus,  a  small  triangular 
muscle,  situated  at  the  outer  side  of  the  elbow :  it  assists  the 
last  muscle. 

FIG.  1  and  2.  e,  e,  the  annular  ligament  of  the  wrist,  under 
which  pass  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  of  the  fingers. 

FIG.  2.  f,  the  deltoid  muscle;  the  muscle  at  the  shoulder  by 
which  the  arm  is  raised. 


inn 


CHAPTER  IX. 


TAB.  XIV. — THE  MUSCLES  THAT  RAISE  THE  EYE-LIDS, 
AND    SPHINCTER   OR   CIRCULAR   MUSCLES. 


FIG.  1.  A  front  view  of  this  muscle  named  levator  palpebrae 
superioris :  Fig.  2.  a  profile  of  the  same  in  its  natural  position. 
This  muscle  arises  within  the  orbit,  and  is  inserted  by  a  broad 
tendon  into  the  upper  eye-lid. 

FIG.  3.  exhibits  examples  of  sphincter  muscles :  a,  a,  the 
orbicularis  palpebrarum,  encircling  the  eyelid ;  it  closes  the  eye, 
and  compresses  it  with  spasmodic  violence  when  injured  by 
particles  of  dust,  &c.  b,  the  orbicularis  oris,  surrounding  the 
mouth ;  its  chief  use  is  to  contract  the  lips. 


TA 


CHAPTER  IX. 


TAB.   XV. — THE    DIGASTRIC    MUSCLE. 


FIG.  1  and  2.  The  digastric  muscle  has  is  origin,  a,  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  temporal  bone ;  it  runs  downwards  and  for- 
wards, and  forms  a  strong  round  tendon,  b,  which  passes 
through  the  stylo-hyoideus,  f;  it  is  then  fixed  by  a  strong 
ligament,  c,  to  the  os  hyoides,  c?;  it  again  becomes  fleshy, 
runs  upwards,  and  is  inserted  into  the  chin.  This  description 
differs  from  Dr.  Paley's,  and  it  will  be  found  by  reference  to 
dissections  or  the  plate,  that  the  os  hyoides  furnishes  a  stay  or 
brace  instead  of  a  pulley,  and  that  the  loop  or  ring  is  in  the 
stylo-hyoideus  muscle. 


TAB.  XV. 


» 
CHAPTER  IX. 

TAB.    XVI. — THE   TENDONS    OF  THE    TOES. 


FIG.  1.  a,  the  tendon  of  the  long  flexor  of  the  toes,  which 
divides  about  the  middle  of  the  foot  into  four  portions,  passing 
through  the  slits  in,  b,  the  short  flexor  tendons.  Fig.  2.  explains 
a  similar  contrivance  belonging  to  each  finger:  a,  a  tendon 
of  the  flexor  sublimis ;  b,  a  tendon  of  the  flexor  profundus, 
passing  through  it. 

FIG.  3.  a,  b,  tendons  of  the  extensor  muscles  of  the  toes ;  c,  a 
tendon  of  a  flexor  of  the  foot.  These  are  bound  down  and 
retained  in  situ  by,  e,  the  annular  ligament  of  the  instep. 


CHAPTER  X. 


TAB.   XVII. — THE    HEART. 

FIG.  1.  A  section  of  the  human  heart;  a,  a,  the  superior  and 
inferior  vena  cava,  the  veins  which  convey  the  blood  to  the,  b, 
right  auricle;  and  thence  into,  c,  the  corresponding  ventricle; 
from  this  ventricle  the  blood  is  impelled  through,  e,  the  pulmo- 
nary artery  into  the  lungs ;  and  returning  by,  fft  the  pulmonary 
veins,  it  is  received  into,  g,  the  left  auricle:  it  flows  next  into, 
h,  the  left  ventricle;  which  by  its  contraction  distributes  the 
blood  through  the  general  arterial  system : — j,  the  aorta,  the 
great  artery  which  transmits  blood  to  the  different  parts  of  the 
body,  from  whence  it  is  returned  by  veins  to  the  cava :  k,  the 
right  subclavian ;  I,  the  right  carotid  arteries,  originating  from 
one  common  trunk;  m,  the  left  carotid;  n,  the  left  subclavian: 
d,  the  valves  of  the  right ;  i,  the  valves  of  the  left  ventricle. 

Fig.  2.  the  valves  of  the  right  side  (tricuspid  valves)  separated 
from  the  heart ;  a,  a,  a,  the  carnete  columns,  or  muscular  fibres 
of  the  valve ;  b,  b,  b,  the  chords  tendine®,  or  tendinous  filaments 
which  are  attached  to,  c,  the  valves. 

FIG.  3.  Exhibits  the  artery  cut  open  with  the  form  of  the 
semilunar  valves. 

FIG.  4.  a  portion  of  the  artery  filled,  shewing  how  effectually 
the  valves  prevent  the  retrograde  motion  of  the  blood. 


, 


CHAPTER  X. 

TAB*   XVIII. — THE    STOMACH,   GALL   BLADDER,   &C. 

FIG.  1.  a,  the  stomach;  b,  the  cardia;  c,  the  pylorus.  The 
gastric  juice  is  a  secretion  derived  from  the  inner  membrane  of 
the  stomach,  and  digestion  is  principally  performed  by  it.  In 
the  various  orders  of  animated  beings  it  differs,  being  adapted 
to  the  food  on  which  they  are  accustomed  to  subsist.  The  food, 
when  properly  masticated,  is  dissolved  by  the  gastric  fluid,  and 
converted  into  chyme;  so  that  most  kinds  of  the  ingesta  lose 
their  specific  qualities ;  and  the  chemical  changes  to  which  they 
would  otherwise  be  liable,  as  putridity  and  rancidity,  &c.  are 
thus  prevented. 

In  this  plate,  h,  the  liver  is  turned  up,  in  order  to  shew  the 
gall-bladder  which  is  attached  to  its  concave  surface;  d,  the 
duodenum;  e,  part  of  the  small  intestines;  f,  the  pancreas ;  and 
g,  the  spleen. 

FIG.  2.  explains  the  several  ducts  and  their  communication 
with  the  duodenum;  a}  the  gall-bladder  ;  b,  the  ductus  cysticus ; 
which  uniting  with,  c,  the  ductus  hepaticus,  forms,  d,  the  ductus 
communis ;  which,  after  passing  between  the  muscular  and  inner 
coats  of  the  intestine,  opens  into  it  at  e.  /,  the  pancreatic  duct. 
The  bile  is  said  to  become  more  viscid,  acrid,  and  bitter,  from 
the  thinner  parts  being  absorbed  during  its  retention  in  the  gall- 
bladder. 


TAB  .  3CT22S. 


, 


CHAPTER  X. 


TAB.   XIX. — THE    LACTEALS,   AND   THORACIC   DUCT. 

The  figure  in  this  plate  represents  the  course  of  the  food, 
from  its  entrance  at  the  mouth  to  its  assimilation  with  the  blood ; 
a,  the  (Esophagus,  extending  from  the  pharynx  to,  b,  the  stomach; 
where  the  alimentary  matter  having  undergone  the  digestive 
process,  escapes  at,  c,  the  pylorus,  into,  d,  the  intestines.  In  this 
plate  a  large  portion  of  the  latter  is  spread  out  to  shew  a  part 
of  the  absorbent  system  called  lacteals :  these  collect  and  im- 
bibe the  chyle  from  the  ingesta,  and  transmit  it  through,  e,  e, 
the  mesenteric  glands,  into  one  general  receptacle,  f,  (recepta- 
culum  chyli,}  from  which,  g,  the  thoracic  duct  ascends  in  a  more 
or  less  tortuous  direction  to  the  lower  vertebrae  of  the  neck,  and 
after  forming  an  arch,  it  descends  and  enters,  h,  the  left  subcla- 
vian  vein,  at  the  point  where  that  vein  is  united  with  the  internal 
jugular.  The  absorbents  of  the  right  side  frequently  form  a 
trunk,  which  enters  the  right  subclavian  vein. 


TFA.IB  .  SO  X. 


CHAPTER  X. 


TAB.   XX. — THE    PAROTID   GLAND, 


FIG.  1.  A  dissection  to  exhibit  the  parotid  gland. 

FIG.  2.  Explains  the  former;  a,  a,  the  integuments  turned 
back ;  b,  the  parotid  gland  ;  c,  its  pipe  or  duct  passing  over  the 
masseter,  then  perforating,  d,  the  buccinator  muscle,  and  opening 
into  the  mouth  opposite  the  second  molar  tooth. 


T'A&.XX 


i 
* 


CHAPTER  X. 


TAB.   XXI. — THE    LARYNX. 


FIG.  1.  The  larynx,  pharynx,  &c.  a,  the  os  hyo'ides,  b,  the 
epiglottis  pressed  down,  thus  covering  the  glottis,  or  opening  of 
the  larynx  ;  as  it  does  in  the  act  of  deglutition. 

FIG.  *2.  Exhibits  the  larynx,  and  trachea;  which  is  a  conti- 
nuation of  the  former ;  b,  the  epiglottis  ;  g,  the  arytenoid  carti- 
lages ;  e,  the  thyroid  cartilage,  exceedingly  strong,  for  the 
protection  of  the  upper  part  of  the  air  tube ;  d,  the  cartilaginous 
ringlets  of  the  trachea  or  wind-pipe,  each  forming  nearly  two- 
thirds  of  a  circle,  and  completed  by  a  soft  membrane,  which, 
from  its  apposition  to,  e,  Fig.  1.  the  oesophagus,  accommodates 
itself  to  the  substances  passing  into  the  stomach. 

FIG.  3.  The  larynx  or  upper  part  of  the  wind-pipe  of  a  bird. 


TAB 


CHAPTER  XL 


TAB.   XXII. — PACKAGE    OF  THE    VISCERA,    AND 
MESENTERY. 

FIG.  1.  In  this  plate  the  parietes  of  the  chest  and  abdomen, 
with  the  omentum,  are  removed  to  shew  the  viscera  in  situ ;  a, 
the  heart ;  b,  the  aorta;  c,  the  descending  vena  cava:  d,  the 
lungs  divided  by  the  mediastinum  into  two  portions ;  three  lobes 
belong  to  the  right,  and  two  to  the  left  portion  of  the  lungs ;  e, 
the  diaphragm;  f,  the  liver;  g,  the  gall-bladder;  h,  the  sto- 
mach ;  i,  the  spleen ;  k,  the  large  intestines ;  I,  the  small  intes- 
tines;  m,  the  bladder. 

The  viscera  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  i.  e.  the  viscera  of 
organic  life,  are  irregularly  disposed.  The  agents  of  volition  are 
double,  but  the  instruments  of  involuntary  motion,  namely  the 
interior  life,  are  single,  and  at  least  are  irregular  in  their  form. 

The  several  viscera  are  correctly  described  in  the  Theology,  and 
sufficient  is  said  for  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  introduced. 
To  the  supposed  use  of  the  spleen  only  an  objection  must  be 
taken :  various  hypotheses  have  been  entertained  as  to  its  office, 
but  none  are  conclusive;  the  most  probable  is,  that  it  is  a 
source  of  supply  of  blood  for  furnishing  the  gastric  secretion, 
or  that  the  blood  undergoes  some  important  change  in  it. 

FIG.  2.  The  mesentery.  This  membrane  is  formed  by  a  re- 
flection of  the  peritoneum  from  each  side  of  the  vertebrae ;  it 
connects  the  intestines  loosely  to  the  spine,  to  allow  them  a 
certain  degree  of  motion,  yet  retains  them  in  their  places ;  and 
furnishes  their  exterior  covering.  Between  the  laminae  of,  a, 
the  mesentery,  are  received  the  glands,  vessels,  and  nerves ;  and 
its  extent  admits  of  a  proper  distribution  of  each. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

TAB.  XXIII. — NERVES  OF  THE  BILL  OF  A  DUCK, 
VALVUUE  CONNIVENTES.  CHAP.  XIII.  AIR-BLADDER 
OF  A  FISH,  AND  FANG  OF  THE  VIPER. 

FIG.  1.  The  upper  mandible  of  the  duck,  on  which  are  distri- 
buted the  first  and  second  branches  of  the  fifth  pair  of  nerves ; 
the  former  passing  through  the  orbit  to  the  extremity  of  the 
bill,  and,  together  with  the  latter,  supplying  the  whole  palatine 
surface. 

FIG.  2.  A  small  portion  of  the  human  intestine  cut  open  in 
order  to  shew  the  valmdce  conniventes.  It  may  be  questioned, 
whether  these  extremely  soft  rugae  or  folds  of  the  villous  coat 
of  the  intestine  can  in  the  least  retard  the  passage  of  the  food 
through  its  canal ;  nor  does,  as  Paley  supposes,  the  erect  atti- 
tude of  man  require  them ;  for,  since  there  are  as  many  of  the 
convolutions  of  the  intestines  ascending  as  there  are  descending, 
the  weight  of  the  food  can  have  no  influence  in  the  action  of 
the  intestine:  it  is  certain,  however,  that  this  arrangement  of 
the  internal  coat,  affords  a  more  extensive  surface  for  the  lacteals 
and  secreting  vessels  ;  and  this  appears  to  be  the  real  use  of  the 
valvults  conniventes. 

FIG.  3.  The  air-bladder  in  the  roach.  This  vessel  differs  in 
size  and  shape,  in  different  species  of  fish ;  generally  communi- 
cating, by  one  or  more  ducts,  either  with  the  oesophagus  or 
stomach ;  by  which  means  the  fish  receives  or  expels  the  air, 
thus  sinking  or  rising  without  effort :  but  as  some  are  destitute 
of  this  organ,  it  is  considered  as  an  accessary  instrument  of 
motion. 

FIG.  4.  The  head  of  a  viper  of  the  natural  size. 

FIG.  5.  The  f any  magnified,  at  the  root  of  which  is  the  gland 
which  secretes  the  venom :  a  hair  is  represented  in  the  tube, 
through  which  the  poison  is  ejected. 


TAB  .2S3OO. 


JPa  Stish  ed  l?     <fa 


m  fs 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

TAB.    XXIV. — THE    OPOSSUM. 


FIG.  1.  The  American  opossum;  (didelphis  marsupialis.) 

FIG.  2.  One  of  the  young  of  the  opossum. 

FIG.  3.  The  pelvis  of  the  opossum ;  a,  a,  the  two  bones  (ossa 
marsupialia)  placed  on  the  anterior  part  called  the  ossa  pubis. 
Drawn  from  a  specimen  in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  London. 

The  kangaroo  and  several  other  animals  of  New  Holland 
have  a  similar  structure. 


TAB.  X3OV. 


•. 


- 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

TAB.  XXV. — CLAW  OF  THE    HERON,  AND  BILL  OF  THE 
SOLAND   GOOSE. 

FIG.  li  The  middle  claw  of  the  heron. 

FIG.  2.  The  head  of  the  Soland  goose,  (pelicanus  bassanus) 
drawn  from  a  specimen  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

TAB.   XXVI. — STOMACH   OF   THE    CAMEL. 

The  figure  in  this  plate  exhibits  the  cells  in  the  stomach  of 
the  camel,  from  a  preparation  in  the  museum  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  London.  In  the  camel,  dromedary,  and 
lama,  there  are  four  stomachs,  as  in  horned  ruminants ;  but  the 
structure,  in  some  respects,  differs  from  those  of  the  latter. 
The  camel  tribe  have  in  the  first  and  second  stomach  numerous 
cells,  several  inches  deep,  formed  by  bands  of  muscular  fibres 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles ;  these  are  constructed  so  as 
to  retain  the  water,  and  completely  exclude  the  food.  In  a 
camel  dissected  by  Sir  E.  Home,  the  cells  of  the  stomach  were 
found  to  contain  two  gallons  of  water ;  but  in  consequence  of 
the  muscular  contraction,  which  had  taken  place  immediately 
after  death,  he  was  led  to  conclude  this  was  a  quantity  much 
less  than  these  cavities  were  capable  of  receiving  in  the  living 
animal.  See  Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy,  by  Sir  E. 
Home,  vol.  i.  p.  168. 


CHAPTER  XIIT. 


TAB.  XXVII. — TONGUE  OF  THE  WOODPECKER,  AND 
SKULL  OF  THE  BABYROUESSA. 

FIG.  1.  The  head  of  the  woodpecker,  (picus  viridis.) 
FIG.  2.  The  tongue,  the  natural  size. 
FIG.  3.  The  claw  of  the  same  bird,  referred  to  in  Chap.  V. 
FIG.  4.  The  skull  of  the  babyrouessa,  from  a  specimen  in  the 
Anatomy  School,  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


TAB.  XXVIII. — TEMPORARY  AND    PERMANENT  TEETH. 


FIG.  1.  The  gums  and  outer  plate  of  the  bone  are  removed, 
shewing  the  teeth  of  the  infant,  as  they  exist  at  the  time  of  its 
birth;  they  are  without  roots,  and  contained  in  a  capsule 
within  the  jaws. 

FIG.  2.  In  this  figure  also,  the  outer  alvelolar  plate  of  the 
jaws  has  been  removed  to  shew  the  succession  of  teeth.  This  is 
the  state  at  six  years  of  age.  The  temporary  teeth  are  all  shed 
between  the  ages  of  seven  and  fourteen,  and  are  supplied  by 
the  permanent  teeth,  already  nearly  perfectly  formed,  and 
situated  at  the  roots  of  the  former. 


TAB.SC  3CVSBB 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

TAB.   XXIX. — FORAMEN   OVALE,   AND    DUCTUS 
ARTERIOSUS. 

FIG.  1.  A  view  of  the  foetal  heart;  a,  the  ascending,  b,  the 
descending  vena  cava;  c,  the  right  auricle;  d,  e,f,  mark  the 
elevated  ring  of  the  foramen  ovale,  or  the  opening  between  the 
two  auricles. 

FIG.  2.  The  foetal  heart ;  a,  the  pulmonary  artery ;  b  b,  its 
branches ;  c,  the  ductus  arteriosus,  or  canal  for  transmitting  the 
blood  into  d  the  aorta.  As  the  lungs  are  useless  in  the  foetus, 
unless  as  a  "  prospective  contrivance,"  the  heart  has  to  carry  on 
a  single  circulation  only :  the  free  communication  between  the 
two  auricles  identifies  them  as  one  cavity;  and  the  ventricles 
also  force  the  blood  into  one  vessel,  the  aorta. 


TAB .XX  I 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

TAB.  XXX. — THE  CHAMELEON,  AND  GUT  OF  THE 
SEA  FOX. 

FIG.  1.  The  chameleon,  drawn  from  one  of  the  species  pre- 
served in  the  Anatomy  School,  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  The. 
eyes  of  this  creature  are  very  peculiar:  they  are  remarkably 
large,  and  project  more  than  half  their  diameter.  They  are 
covered  with  a  single  eye-lid,  with  a  small  opening  in  it 
opposite  the  pupil.  The  eye-lid  is  granulated  like  every  part 
of  the  surface  of  the  body,  with  this  difference,  over  the  eye  the 
granulations  are  disposed  in  concentric  circles  which  form  folds 
in  that  part  to  which  the  eye  is  turned:  and  as  the  lid  is 
attached  to  the  front  of  the  eye,  so  it  follows  all  its  movements. 
The  neck  is  not  "  inflexible,"  but  its  shortness,  and  the  struc- 
ture of  the  cervical  vertebrae  exceedingly  limit  the  motion ;  this 
however  is  admirably  compensated  by  the  not  less  singular 
local  position  than  motion  of  the  eye,  as  the  animal  can  see 
behind,  before,  or  on  either  side,  without  turning  the  head. 

FIG.  2.  The  spiral  intestine  of  the  sea-fox  cut  open;  taken  from 
a  preparation  in  the  museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
London.  The  sea-fox  is  not,  as  Paley  supposes,  a  "qua- 
druped;" but  a  species  of  shark  (squalus  vulpes.)  The  con- 
voluted intestinal  tube  is  found  in  some  genera  of  fish,  only. 
In  this  specimen  the  internal  membrane  is  converted  into  a 
spiral  valve,  having  thirty-six  coils,  so  that  the  alimentary 
substances,  instead  of  passing  speedily  away,  by  proceeding 
round  the  turns  of  the  valve,  traverse  a  very  considerable 
circuit :  an  extensive  surface  for  the  absorbents  is  thus  pro- 
vided. 

FIG.  3.  The  valve  removed  from  the  intestine  in  a  dried  pre- 
paration shewing  its  real  form. 


TAIB  .  3C 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

TAB.   XXXI. — THE   WINGS   OF  THE    BEETLE,    AWL, 
STING   OF  THE    BEE,   PROBOSCIS,  &C. 

FIG.  1.  Is  an  instance  of  the  horny  and  gauze  wings  in  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  beetle  class  of  this  country,  the 
scarabteus  auratus,  or  rose  chafer ;  shewing  the  expanded  elytra, 
a,  a:  the  true  wings,  b,  b. 

FIG.  2.  A  specimen  of  the  elytra  covering  half  the  body  in 
the  ear-wig,  forficula  auricularia:)  one  of  the  elytra  is  extended, 
and  the  membranous  wing  unfolded. 

FIG.  3.  The  awl  of  the  azstrum  bovis,  or  gad-fly,  highly  mag- 
nified. 

FIG.  4.  One  of  the  hooks. 

FIG.  5.  The  sting  of  a  bee,  drawn  from  nature  as  it  appears 
by  means  of  a  magnifier  of  very  high  powers ;  a,  a,  a,  a,  the 
apparatus  for  projecting  the  sting ;  b,  the  exterior,  c,  the  interior 
sheath  of  d,  the  true  sting,  which  is  divided  into  two  parts 
barbed  at  the  sides ;  e,  the  bag  which  contains  the  poison. 

FIG.  6.  The  proboscis  of  a  bee  extended ;  a,  a,  the  case  or 
sheath  j  b,  the  tube ;  c,  the  exterior ;  d,  the  interior  fringes ;  e, 
the  tongue ;  f,  f,  the  exterior,  g,  g,  the  interior  palpi. 

FIG.  7.  The  appearance  of  the  proboscis  when  contracted,  and 
folded  up. 

FIG.  8.  The  head  of  a  butterfly,  shewing  the  coiled  proboscis.  ' 


TAB, 


CHAPTER  XX. 


TAB.   XXXII. — THE   CAPSULE,  PISTIL,    STAMINA, 
NIGELLA,   PLUMULE,  AND   RADICLE. 

FIG.  1.  The  capsule  or  seed  vessel  of  the  poppy :  (papaver 
somniferum:)  it  is  divided  to  exhibit  its  internal  structure. 

FIG.  2.  Is  an  instance  of  an  erect  flower,  the  agave  Ame- 
ricana ;  in  which  the  pistil  is  shorter  than  the  stamina. 

FIG.  3.  A  flower  of  the  crown-imperial.  The  relative  length 
of  the  parts  is  now  inverted. 

FFG.  4.  A  blossom  of  the  nigella. 

FIG.  5.  A  grain  of  barley,  shewing  the  plumule  and  radicle 
growing  from  it. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


TAB.   XXXIII. —  VALLISNERIA. 

FIG.  1.  Vallisneria  spiralis.  The  female  plant,  the  flowers 
of  which  are  purple.  This  is  drawn  from  a  specimen  in  the 
possession  of  Dr.  Ogle. 

FIG.  2.  The  male  plant,  producing  white  flowers ;  these  when 
mature  rise  like  air  bubbles,  and  suddenly  expanding  when  they 
reach  the  surface  of  the  water,  float  about  in  such  abundance 
as  to  cover  it  entirely.  "Thus  their  pollen  is  scattered  over 
the  stigmas  of  the  first  mentioned  blossoms,  whose  stalks  soon 
afterwards  resume  their  spiral  figure,  and  the  fruit  comes  to 
maturity  at  the  bottom  of  the  water." 

FIG.  3.  One  of  the  separated  male  flowers  magnified. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


TAB.  XXXIV. — CUSCUTA    EUROP^EA. 

This  plant  is  a  native  of  our  own  country,  and  is  found  in 
hedges,  on  clover,  or  on  beans,  where  it  proves  exceedingly 
injurious  to  the  crop.  It  flowers  from  June  to  August.  The 
drawing  was  taken  from  a  specimen  which  grew  in  the  Physic 
Gardens,  Oxford.  It  is  represented  twining  about  some  nettles 
on  which  it  annually  attaches  itself. 

"  Of  all  the  parasitical  plants,  the  dodder  (cuscuta)  tribe  are 
the  most  singular,  trusting  for  their  nourishment  entirely  to 
those  vegetables  about  which  they  twine,  and  into  whose  tender 
bark  they  insert  small  villous  tubercles  serving  as  roots,  the 
original  root  of  the  dodder  withering  away  entirely,  as  soon  as 
the  young  stem  has  fixed  itself  to  any  other  plant ;  so  that  its 
connexion  with  the  earth  is  cut  off."  English  Botany,  p.  55. 


TAB. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


TAB.   XXXV. — THE   AUTUMNAL   CROCUS. 

The  colchicum  autumnale.  This  plant  before  us  exhibits  a 
mode  of  fructification  scarcely  paralleled  among  British  vege- 
tables. The  flowers  appearing  very  late  in  autumn,  the  im- 
pregnated germen  remains  latent  under  ground  close  to  the 
bulb  till  the  following  spring,  when  the  capsule  rises  above  the 
surface  accompanied  by  several  long  upright  leaves,  and  the 
seeds  are  ripened  about  June,  after  which  the  leaves  decay. 
See  British  Botany,  vol.  i.  p.  133.  The  plant  is  represented  as 
it  appears  in  spring  ;  the  root  is  divided  to  shew  the  seed  vessel 
near  the  bulb.  The  flower  is  remarkable  for  the  length  of  its 
tube. 


I 
ril/i^fc 


CHAPTER  XX. 


TAB.   XXXVI. — THE    DION^A   MUSCIPULA. 

Venus's  fly-trap.  Some  parts  of  this  plant  are  so  remark- 
able  as  to  deserve  a  particular  description.  It  is  a  native  of 
North  Carolina;  the  root  perennial;  leaves  all  radical,  sup- 
ported  on  long  fleshy  and  strongly  veined  footstalks,  leaving  a 
small  portion  of  this  next  the  leaf  naked :  the  leaf  itself  con- 
sists of  two  semi-oval  lobes  jointed  at  the  back,  so  as  to  allow 
them  to  fold  close  together ;  they  are  fleshy,  and  when  viewed 
through  a  lense  glandular,  sometimes  of  a  reddish  colour  on 
the  upper  surface ;  the  sides  of  both  lobes  are  furnished  with  a 
row  of  cartilaginous  cilise  which  stand  nearly  at  right  angles 
with  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  and  lock  into  each  other  when  they 
close.  Near  the  middle  of  each  lobe  are  three  small  spines, 
which  are  supposed  to  assist  in  destroying  the  entrapped  insect. 
In  warm  weather  the  lobes  are  fully  expanded  and  highly 
irritable,  and  if  a  fly  or  other  insect  at  this  time  light  upon 
them  they  suddenly  close,  and  the  poor  animal  is  imprisoned 
till  it  dies.  See  Curtis's  Botanical  Magazine,  No.  785. 


INDEX. 

Tab.  1 .  Parts  of  a  watch. 

Tab.  2.  Lens  of  a  fish — Humours  of  the  eye — Image  formed  on 

the  retina — Lens  of  a  telescope — Crystalline  lens — Iris  and 

straight  muscles  of  the  eye. 
Tab.  3.  Bony  rim  in  the  eye  of  birds — Marsupium  and  eye  of 

the  eel. 
Tab.  4.   Lachrymal  gland  and  duct — Nictitating  membrane  and 

its  muscles. 
Tab.  5.  The  anatomy  of  the  human  ear,  and  the  tympanum  of 

the  elephant. 
Tab.  6.  The  trochlear  muscle  of  the   eye,  and  section  of  the 

human  kidney. 

Tab.  7-  The  bones  of  the  head  and  neck. 
Tab.  8.  Bones  of  the  arm. 

Tab.  9.  The  human  spine,  and  vertebrae  of  the  serpent. 
Tab.  10.  The  thorax— Patella,  and  scapula. 
Tab.  11.   The  hip  joint — Knee,    interarticular   cartilages,    and 

ankle  joint. 

Tab  12.   Sartorius  muscle,  and  oblique  muscles  of  the  head. 
Tab.  13.  The  muscles  of  the  arm. 
Tab.  14.  Muscles  of  the  eye-lid,  and  sphincters. 
Tab.  15.  Digastric  muscle. 

Tab.  1 6.  Flexors  of  the  toes,  and  ligaments  across  the  instep. 
Tab.  17.  The  heart  and  its  valves. 
Tab.  18.  The  stomach,  liver,  gall  bladder,  &c. 
Tab.  19.  The  lacteals  and  thoracic  duct,  shewing  the  course  of 

the  food. 

Tab.  20.   The  parotid  gland  and  its  duct. 
Tab.  21.  The  larynx,  trachea,  oesophagus,  &c. 
Tab.  22.   Package  of  the  viscera,  and  mesentery. 
Tab.  23.  Nerves  in  the  bill  of  the  duck — Valvulae  conniventes — 

Air-bladder  of  a  fish,  and  fang  of  a  viper. 
Tab.  24.  The  opossum  and  its  young,  and  the  pelvis. 
Tab.  25.  Middle  claw  of  the  heron — Bill  of  the  Soland  goose. 
Tab.  26.  Stomach  of  the  camel. 

Tab.  27.  Tongue  of  the  woodpecker,  and  skull  of  the  babyrouessa. 
Tab.  28.  Temporary  and  permanent  teeth. 

Tab.  29.  Foramen  ovale,  and  ductus  arteriosus  in  the  fetal  heart. 
Tab.  30.  The  eye  of  a  chameleon,  and  the  intestine  of  the  sea-fox. 
Tab.  31.  The  elytra  of  the  scarabreus  auratus — Awl  of  the^ 

oestrum  bovis — Sting  and  proboscis  of  the  bee — Proboscis 

of  the  butterfly. 
Tab.  32.  The  seed  vessel  of  the  poppy — Stamina  and  pistil  in 

the  agave — in  the  crown  imperial — Blossom  of  the  nigella — 

Plumule  and  radicle. 
Tab.  33.  The  vallisneria  spiralis. 
Tab.  34.  Cuscuta  Europaea. 
Tab.  35.  Colchicum  autumnale. 
Tab.  36.  Dionrea  rnuscipula. 


Bartlett  and  Hinton,  Printers,  Oxford. 


14  DAY  USE 

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